Volume 2 Issue 4
December  2023
Turn off MathJax
Article Contents
Chen Li, Haoxuan Sun, Shan Gan, Da Dou, Liang Li. Perovskite single crystals: physical properties and optoelectronic applications[J]. Materials Futures, 2023, 2(4): 042101. doi: 10.1088/2752-5724/ace8aa
Citation: Chen Li, Haoxuan Sun, Shan Gan, Da Dou, Liang Li. Perovskite single crystals: physical properties and optoelectronic applications[J]. Materials Futures, 2023, 2(4): 042101. doi: 10.1088/2752-5724/ace8aa
shu
Topical Review •
OPEN ACCESS

Perovskite single crystals: physical properties and optoelectronic applications

© 2023 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd on behalf of the Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory
Materials Futures, Volume 2, Number 4
  • Received Date: 2023-04-24
  • Accepted Date: 2023-07-19
  • Revised Date: 2023-06-25
  • Publish Date: 2023-08-08
doi: 10.1088/2752-5724/ace8aa

  • School of Physical Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin Films, Center for Energy Conversion Materials & Physics (CECMP), Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, People’s Republic of China

  • Authors to whom any correspondence should be addressed.

More Information
    Abstract
  • Single crystal is the most advantageous of the crystalline states of halide perovskites. It displays better optical and electrical capabilities than polycrystalline films and microcrystals due to their inherent structural advantages, such as free grain boundaries, long-range ordered structure, and high orientation. Single-crystal perovskite materials can theoretically enable optoelectronic devices with higher performance and stronger stability. In this review, the intrinsic physical properties of perovskite single crystals are analyzed. The most recent advances in single-crystal optoelectronic devices are reviewed, and the design principles of the devices under different application conditions are revealed. It provides potential solutions for remaining challenges, and it is expected to accelerate the development of perovskite based optoelectronic devices.
    • FullText(HTML)
  • loading
    • References(180)
  • [1]
    Fang Y, Dong Q, Shao Y, Yuan Y, Huang J 2015 Highly narrowband perovskite single-crystal photodetectors enabled by surface-charge recombination Nat. Photon. 9 679-86 doi: 10.1038/nphoton.2015.156
    [2]
    Zhumekenov A A, et al 2016 Formamidinium lead halide perovskite crystals with unprecedented long carrier dynamics and diffusion length ACS Energy Lett. 1 32-37 doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.6b00002
    [3]
    Dang Y, Zhou Y, Liu X, Ju D, Xia S, Xia H, Tao X 2016 Formation of hybrid perovskite tin iodide single crystals by top-seeded solution growth Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 55 3447-50 doi: 10.1002/anie.201511792
    [4]
    Dong Q, Fang Y, Shao Y, Mulligan P, Qiu J, Cao L, Huang J 2015 Electron-hole diffusion lengths>175 m in solution-grown CH3NH3PbI3 single crystals Science 347 967-70 doi: 10.1126/science.aaa5760
    [5]
    Huang J, Yuan Y, Shao Y, Yan Y 2017 Understanding the physical properties of hybrid perovskites for photovoltaic applications Nat. Rev. Mater. 2 17042 doi: 10.1038/natrevmats.2017.42
    [6]
    Cai M, Wu Y, Chen H, Yang X, Qiang Y, Han L 2017 Cost-performance analysis of perovskite solar modules Adv. Sci. 4 1600269 doi: 10.1002/advs.201600269
    [7]
    Li Z, Zhao Y, Wang X, Sun Y, Zhao Z, Li Y, Zhou H, Chen Q 2018 Cost analysis of perovskite tandem photovoltaics Joule 2 1559-72 doi: 10.1016/j.joule.2018.05.001
    [8]
    Li Z, Li B, Wu X, Sheppard S A, Zhang S, Gao D, Long N J, Zhu Z 2022 Organometallic-functionalized interfaces for highly efficient inverted perovskite solar cells Science 376 416-20 doi: 10.1126/science.abm8566
    [9]
    Wolverton M 2018 Perovskite solar cells reveal excitonic optical transitions Scilight 2018 080003 doi: 10.1063/1.5026230
    [10]
    Wang M, Gao W, Cao F, Li L 2022 Ethylamine iodide additive enables solid-to-solid transformed highly oriented perovskite for excellent photodetectors Adv. Mater. 34 2108569 doi: 10.1002/adma.202108569
    [11]
    Zhang M-N, Wu X, Riaud A, Wang X-L, Xie F, Liu W-J, Mei Y, Zhang D W, Ding S-J 2020 Spectrum projection with a bandgap-gradient perovskite cell for colour perception Light Sci. Appl. 9 162 doi: 10.1038/s41377-020-00400-w
    [12]
    Liu Y, et al 2021 Inch-sized high-quality perovskite single crystals by suppressing phase segregation for light-powered integrated circuits Sci. Adv. 7 eabc8844 doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abc8844
    [13]
    Zhang D, et al 2022 Large-scale planar and spherical light-emitting diodes based on arrays of perovskite quantum wires Nat. Photon. 16 284-90 doi: 10.1038/s41566-022-00978-0
    [14]
    Chu S, Zhang Y, Xiao P, Chen W, Tang R, Shao Y, Chen T, Zhang X, Liu F, Xiao Z 2022 Large-area and efficient sky-blue perovskite light-emitting diodes via blade-coating Adv. Mater. 34 2108939 doi: 10.1002/adma.202108939
    [15]
    Han T-H, Jang K Y, Dong Y, Friend R H, Sargent E H, Lee T-W 2022 A roadmap for the commercialization of perovskite light emitters Nat. Rev. Mater. 7 757-77 doi: 10.1038/s41578-022-00459-4
    [16]
    Zhu H, Fu Y, Meng F, Wu X, Gong Z, Ding Q, Gustafsson M V, Trinh M T, Jin S, Zhu X Y 2015 Lead halide perovskite nanowire lasers with low lasing thresholds and high quality factors Nat. Mater. 14 636-42 doi: 10.1038/nmat4271
    [17]
    Liang Y, Shang Q, Li M, Zhang S, Liu X, Zhang Q 2021 Solvent recrystallization-enabled green amplified spontaneous emissions with an ultra-low threshold from pinhole-free perovskite films Adv. Funct. Mater. 31 2106108 doi: 10.1002/adfm.202106108
    [18]
    Tang B, Dong H, Sun L, Zheng W, Wang Q, Sun F, Jiang X, Pan A, Zhang L 2017 Single-mode lasers based on cesium lead halide perovskite submicron spheres ACS Nano 11 10681-8 doi: 10.1021/acsnano.7b04496
    [19]
    Weber D 1978 CH3NH3PbX3, ein Pb(ii)-system mit kubischer perowskitstruktur/CH3NH3PbX3, a Pb(ii)-system with cubic perovskite structure Z. Naturforsch. 33 1443-5 doi: 10.1515/znb-1978-1214
    [20]
    Kojima A, Teshima K, Shirai Y, Miyasaka T 2009 Organometal halide perovskites as visible-light sensitizers for photovoltaic cells J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131 6050-1 doi: 10.1021/ja809598r
    [21]
    Galkowski K, et al 2016 Determination of the exciton binding energy and effective masses for methylammonium and formamidinium lead tri-halide perovskite semiconductors Energy Environ. Sci. 9 962-70 doi: 10.1039/C5EE03435C
    [22]
    Lin Q, Armin A, Nagiri R C R, Burn P L, Meredith P 2015 Electro-optics of perovskite solar cells Nat. Photon. 9 106-12 doi: 10.1038/nphoton.2014.284
    [23]
    D’Innocenzo V, Grancini G, Alcocer M J P, Kandada A R S, Stranks S D, Lee M M, Lanzani G, Snaith H J, Petrozza A 2014 Excitons versus free charges in organo-lead tri-halide perovskites Nat. Commun. 5 3586 doi: 10.1038/ncomms4586
    [24]
    Valverde-Chvez D A, Ponseca C S, Stoumpos C C, Yartsev A, Kanatzidis M G, Sundstrm V, Cooke D G 2015 Intrinsic femtosecond charge generation dynamics in single crystal CH3NH3PbI3 Energy Environ. Sci. 8 3700-7 doi: 10.1039/C5EE02503F
    [25]
    Hamada M, Rana S, Jokar E, Awasthi K, Diau E W-G, Ohta N 2020 Temperature-dependent electroabsorption spectra and exciton binding energy in a perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 nanocrystalline film ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 3 11830-40 doi: 10.1021/acsaem.0c01983
    [26]
    Li C, Chen X, Li N, Liu J, Yuan B, Li Y, Wang M, Xu F, Wu Y, Cao B 2020 Highly conductive n-type CH3NH3PbI3 single crystals doped with bismuth donors J. Mater. Chem. C 8 3694-704 doi: 10.1039/C9TC06854F
    [27]
    Alsalloum A Y, Turedi B, Almasabi K, Zheng X, Naphade R, Stranks S D, Mohammed O F, Bakr O M 2021 22.8%-efficient single-crystal mixed-cation inverted perovskite solar cells with a near-optimal bandgap Energy Environ. Sci. 14 2263-8 doi: 10.1039/D0EE03839C
    [28]
    Wei H, et al 2016 Sensitive x-ray detectors made of methylammonium lead tribromide perovskite single crystals Nat. Photon. 10 333-9 doi: 10.1038/nphoton.2016.41
    [29]
    Yao F, Peng J, Li R, Li W, Gui P, Li B, Liu C, Tao C, Lin Q, Fang G 2020 Room-temperature liquid diffused separation induced crystallization for high-quality perovskite single crystals Nat. Commun. 11 1194 doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-15037-x
    [30]
    Zhao X, Wang S, Shan X, Meng G, Fang X 2021 Fabrications of halide perovskite single-crystal slices and their applications in solar cells, photodetectors, and leds Cryst. Growth Des. 21 5983-97 doi: 10.1021/acs.cgd.1c00548
    [31]
    Cheng X, Yang S, Cao B, Tao X, Chen Z 2020 Single crystal perovskite solar cells: development and perspectives Adv. Funct. Mater. 30 1905021 doi: 10.1002/adfm.201905021
    [32]
    Li J, Han Z, Gu Y, Yu D, Liu J, Hu D, Xu X, Zeng H 2021 Perovskite single crystals: synthesis, optoelectronic properties, and application Adv. Funct. Mater. 31 2008684 doi: 10.1002/adfm.202008684
    [33]
    Rong S-S, Faheem M B, Y-b L 2021 Perovskite single crystals: synthesis, properties, and applications J. Electron. Sci. Technol. 19 100081 doi: 10.1016/j.jnlest.2021.100081
    [34]
    Dang Y, Liu Y, Sun Y, Yuan D, Liu X, Lu W, Liu G, Xia H, Tao X 2015 Bulk crystal growth of hybrid perovskite material CH3NH3PbI3 CrystEngComm 17 665-70 doi: 10.1039/C4CE02106A
    [35]
    Su J, Chen D P, Lin C T 2015 Growth of large CH3NH3PbX3 (X=I, Br) single crystals in solution J. Cryst. Growth 422 75-79 doi: 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2015.04.029
    [36]
    Kadro J M, Nonomura K, Gachet D, Grtzel M, Hagfeldt A 2015 Facile route to freestanding CH3NH3PbI3 crystals using inverse solubility Sci. Rep. 5 11654 doi: 10.1038/srep11654
    [37]
    Liu Y, et al 2015 Two-inch-sized perovskite CH3NH3PbX3 (X= Cl, Br, I) crystals: growth and characterization Adv. Mater. 27 5176-83 doi: 10.1002/adma.201502597
    [38]
    Saidaminov M I, Abdelhady A L, Maculan G, Bakr O M 2015 Retrograde solubility of formamidinium and methylammonium lead halide perovskites enabling rapid single crystal growth Chem. Commun. 51 17658-61 doi: 10.1039/C5CC06916E
    [39]
    Shi D, et al 2015 Low trap-state density and long carrier diffusion in organolead trihalide perovskite single crystals Science 347 519-22 doi: 10.1126/science.aaa2725
    [40]
    Peng W, et al 2016 Solution-grown monocrystalline hybrid perovskite films for hole-transporter-free solar cells Adv. Mater. 28 3383-90 doi: 10.1002/adma.201506292
    [41]
    Liu Y, et al 2019 Low-temperature-gradient crystallization for multi-inch high-quality perovskite single crystals for record performance photodetectors Mater. Today 22 67-75 doi: 10.1016/j.mattod.2018.04.002
    [42]
    Gu Z, Huang Z, Hu X, Wang Y, Li L, Li M, Song Y 2020 In situ inkjet printing of the perovskite single-crystal array-embedded polydimethylsiloxane film for wearable light-emitting devices ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12 22157-62 doi: 10.1021/acsami.0c04131
    [43]
    Liu Y, Zhang Y, Yang Z, Yang D, Ren X, Pang L, Liu S 2016 Thinness- and shape-controlled growth for ultrathin single-crystalline perovskite wafers for mass production of superior photoelectronic devices Adv. Mater. 28 9204-9 doi: 10.1002/adma.201601995
    [44]
    Tang X, et al 2022 In situ growth mechanism for high-quality hybrid perovskite single-crystal thin films with high area to thickness ratio: looking for the sweet spot Adv. Sci. 9 2104788 doi: 10.1002/advs.202104788
    [45]
    Chen Y-X, Ge Q-Q, Shi Y, Liu J, Xue D-J, Ma J-Y, Ding J, Yan H-J, Hu J-S, Wan L-J 2016 General space-confined on-substrate fabrication of thickness-adjustable hybrid perovskite single-crystalline thin films J. Am. Chem. Soc. 138 16196-9 doi: 10.1021/jacs.6b09388
    [46]
    Liu Y, Sun J, Yang Z, Yang D, Ren X, Xu H, Yang Z, Liu S 2016 20-mm-large single-crystalline formamidinium-perovskite wafer for mass production of integrated photodetectors Adv. Opt. Mater. 4 1829-37 doi: 10.1002/adom.201600327
    [47]
    Schlipf J, Askar A M, Pantle F, Wiltshire B D, Sura A, Schneider P, Huber L, Shankar K, Mller-Buschbaum P 2018 Top-down approaches towards single crystal perovskite solar cells Sci. Rep. 8 4906 doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-23211-x
    [48]
    Zhong Y, et al 2020 Large-scale thin CsPbBr3 single-crystal film grown on sapphire via chemical vapor deposition: toward laser array application ACS Nano 14 15605-15 doi: 10.1021/acsnano.0c06380
    [49]
    Liu Y, Dong Q, Fang Y, Lin Y, Deng Y, Huang J 2019 Fast growth of thin MAPbI3 crystal wafers on aqueous solution surface for efficient lateral-structure perovskite solar cells Adv. Funct. Mater. 29 1807707 doi: 10.1002/adfm.201807707
    [50]
    Saouma F O, Park D Y, Kim S H, Jeong M S, Jang J I 2017 Multiphoton absorption coefficients of organic-inorganic lead halide perovskites CH3NH3PbX3 (X= Cl, Br, I) single crystals Chem. Mater. 29 6876-82 doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b02110
    [51]
    Snaith H J 2013 Perovskites: the emergence of a new era for low-cost, high-efficiency solar cells J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 4 3623-30 doi: 10.1021/jz4020162
    [52]
    Chen Z, et al 2017 Thin single crystal perovskite solar cells to harvest below-bandgap light absorption Nat. Commun. 8 1890 doi: 10.1038/s41467-017-02039-5
    [53]
    Hutter E M, Glvez-Rueda M C, Osherov A, Bulovi V, Grozema F C, Stranks S D, Savenije T J 2017 Direct-indirect character of the bandgap in methylammonium lead iodide perovskite Nat. Mater. 16 115-20 doi: 10.1038/nmat4765
    [54]
    Yang Y, Ostrowski D P, France R M, Zhu K, van de Lagemaat J, Luther J M, Beard M C 2016 Observation of a hot-phonon bottleneck in lead-iodide perovskites Nat. Photon. 10 53-59 doi: 10.1038/nphoton.2015.213
    [55]
    Yang Y, Yang M, Zhu K, Johnson J C, Berry J J, van de Lagemaat J, Beard M C 2016 Large polarization-dependent exciton optical stark effect in lead iodide perovskites Nat. Commun. 7 12613 doi: 10.1038/ncomms12613
    [56]
    Sarritzu V, et al 2018 Direct or indirect bandgap in hybrid lead halide perovskites? Adv. Opt. Mater. 6 1701254 doi: 10.1002/adom.201701254
    [57]
    Wan S, Li K, Zou M, Hong D, Xie M, Tan H, Scheblykin I G, Tian Y 2023 All-optical switching based on sub-bandgap photoactivation of charge trapping in metal halide perovskites Adv. Mater. 35 2209851 doi: 10.1002/adma.202209851
    [58]
    Xie L-Q, Chen L, Nan Z-A, Lin H-X, Wang T, Zhan D-P, Yan J-W, Mao B-W, Tian Z-Q 2017 Understanding the cubic phase stabilization and crystallization kinetics in mixed cations and halides perovskite single crystals J. Am. Chem. Soc. 139 3320-3 doi: 10.1021/jacs.6b12432
    [59]
    Pan Y, et al 2020 Enhanced performance of perovskite single-crystal photodiodes by epitaxial hole blocking layer Front. Chem. 8 791 doi: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00791
    [60]
    Maculan G, Sheikh A D, Abdelhady A L, Saidaminov M I, Haque M A, Murali B, Alarousu E, Mohammed O F, Wu T, Bakr O M 2015 CH3NH3PbCl3 single crystals: inverse temperature crystallization and visible-blind UV-photodetector J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 6 3781-6 doi: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b01666
    [61]
    Luo J, et al 2018 Cs2AgInCl6 double perovskite single crystals: parity forbidden transitions and their application for sensitive and fast UV photodetectors ACS Photonics 5 398-405 doi: 10.1021/acsphotonics.7b00837
    [62]
    Zhang Y, Liu Y, Xu Z, Ye H, Li Q, Hu M, Yang Z, Liu S 2019 Two-dimensional (PEA)2PbBr4 perovskite single crystals for a high performance UV-detector J. Mater. Chem. C 7 1584-91 doi: 10.1039/C8TC06129G
    [63]
    Gui P, Zhou H, Yao F, Song Z, Li B, Fang G 2019 Space-confined growth of individual wide bandgap single crystal CsPbCl3 microplatelet for near-ultraviolet photodetection Small 15 1902618 doi: 10.1002/smll.201902618
    [64]
    Wang S, Chen Y, Yao J, Zhao G, Li L, Zou G 2021 Wafer-sized 2D perovskite single crystal thin films for UV photodetectors J. Mater. Chem. C 9 6498-506 doi: 10.1039/D1TC00408E
    [65]
    Guo L, Liu X, Gao L, Wang X, Zhao L, Zhang W, Wang S, Pan C, Yang Z 2022 Ferro-pyro-phototronic effect in monocrystalline 2D ferroelectric perovskite for high-sensitive, self-powered, and stable ultraviolet photodetector ACS Nano 16 1280-90 doi: 10.1021/acsnano.1c09119
    [66]
    Liu Y, et al 2018 A 1300 mm2 ultrahigh-performance digital imaging assembly using high-quality perovskite single crystals Adv. Mater. 30 1707314 doi: 10.1002/adma.201707314
    [67]
    Zou Y, et al 2020 A highly sensitive single crystal perovskite-graphene hybrid vertical photodetector Small 16 2000733 doi: 10.1002/smll.202000733
    [68]
    Saidaminov M I, et al 2017 Inorganic lead halide perovskite single crystals: phase-selective low-temperature growth, carrier transport properties, and self-powered photodetection Adv. Opt. Mater. 5 1600704 doi: 10.1002/adom.201600704
    [69]
    Zhang Y, Liu Y, Yang Z, Liu S 2018 High-quality perovskite MAPbI3 single crystals for broad-spectrum and rapid response integrate photodetector J. Energy Chem. 27 722-7 doi: 10.1016/j.jechem.2017.11.002
    [70]
    Huang Y, Zhang Y, Sun J, Wang X, Sun J, Chen Q, Pan C, Zhou H 2018 The exploration of carrier behavior in the inverted mixed perovskite single-crystal solar cells Adv. Mater. Interfaces 5 1800224 doi: 10.1002/admi.201800224
    [71]
    Li W-G, Wang X-D, Liao J-F, Jiang Y, Kuang D-B 2020 Enhanced on-off ratio photodetectors based on lead-free Cs3Bi2I9 single crystal thin films Adv. Funct. Mater. 30 1909701 doi: 10.1002/adfm.201909701
    [72]
    Hao D, Liu D, Zhang S, Li L, Yang B, Huang J 2022 Applications of lead-free Cs2AgBiBr6 single crystals in photodetectors and self-powered photodetectors by symmetric/asymmetric electrodes Adv. Opt. Mater. 10 2100786 doi: 10.1002/adom.202100786
    [73]
    Wu J, Zhang Y, Yang S, Chen Z, Zhu W 2022 Thin MAPb0.5Sn0.5I3 perovskite single crystals for sensitive infrared light detection Front. Chem. 9 1159 doi: 10.3389/fchem.2021.821699
    [74]
    Li L, Ye G, Luo T, Chen X, Zhang G, Wu H, Yang L, Zhang W, Chang H 2022 Centimeter-sized stable zero-dimensional Cs3Bi2I9 single crystal for mid-infrared lead-free perovskite photodetector J. Phys. Chem. C 126 3646-52 doi: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c08815
    [75]
    Song X, et al 2020 Metal-free halide perovskite single crystals with very long charge lifetimes for efficient x-ray imaging Adv. Mater. 32 2003353 doi: 10.1002/adma.202003353
    [76]
    Song X, et al 2021 Highly luminescent metal-free perovskite single crystal for biocompatible x-ray detector to attain highest sensitivity Adv. Mater. 33 2102190 doi: 10.1002/adma.202102190
    [77]
    Tanaka K, Takahashi T, Ban T, Kondo T, Uchida K, Miura N 2003 Comparative study on the excitons in lead-halide-based perovskite-type crystals CH3NH3PbBr3 CH3NH3PbI3 Solid State Commun. 127 619-23 doi: 10.1016/S0038-1098(03)00566-0
    [78]
    Miyata A, Mitioglu A, Plochocka P, Portugall O, Wang J T-W, Stranks S D, Snaith H J, Nicholas R J 2015 Direct measurement of the exciton binding energy and effective masses for charge carriers in organic-inorganic tri-halide perovskites Nat. Phys. 11 582-7 doi: 10.1038/nphys3357
    [79]
    Blancon J C, et al 2018 Scaling law for excitons in 2Dperovskite quantum wells Nat. Commun. 9 2254 doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-04659-x
    [80]
    Hansen K R, et al 2022 Low exciton binding energies and localized exciton-polaron states in 2D tin halide perovskites Adv. Opt. Mater. 9 2102698 doi: 10.1002/adom.202102698
    [81]
    Blancon J-C, et al 2017 Extremely efficient internal exciton dissociation through edge states in layered 2D perovskites Science 355 1288-92 doi: 10.1126/science.aal4211
    [82]
    Zhu T, Gong X 2021 Low-dimensional perovskite materials and theiroptoelectronics InfoMat 3 1039-69 doi: 10.1002/inf2.12211
    [83]
    Sun Q, Zhao C, Yin Z, Wang S, Leng J, Tian W, Jin S 2021 Ultrafast and high-yield polaronic exciton dissociation in two-dimensional perovskites J. Am. Chem. Soc. 143 19128-36 doi: 10.1021/jacs.1c08900
    [84]
    Grancini G, Srimath Kandada A R, Frost J M, Barker A J, De Bastiani M, Gandini M, Marras S, Lanzani G, Walsh A, Petrozza A 2015 Role of microstructure in the electron-hole interaction of hybrid lead halide perovskites Nat. Photon. 9 695-701 doi: 10.1038/nphoton.2015.151
    [85]
    Nah S, Spokoyny B, Stoumpos C, Soe C M M, Kanatzidis M, Harel E 2017 Spatially segregated free-carrier and exciton populations in individual lead halide perovskite grains Nat. Photon. 11 285-8 doi: 10.1038/nphoton.2017.36
    [86]
    Yang Z, Deng Y, Zhang X, Wang S, Chen H, Yang S, Khurgin J, Fang N X, Zhang X, Ma R 2018 High-performance single-crystalline perovskite thin-film photodetector Adv. Mater. 30 1704333 doi: 10.1002/adma.201704333
    [87]
    Saidaminov M I, et al 2015 High-quality bulk hybrid perovskite single crystals within minutes by inverse temperature crystallization Nat. Commun. 6 7586 doi: 10.1038/ncomms8586
    [88]
    Ma L, Yan Z, Zhou X, Pi Y, Du Y, Huang J, Wang K, Wu K, Zhuang C, Han X 2021 A polymer controlled nucleation route towards the generalized growth of organic-inorganic perovskite single crystals Nat. Commun. 12 2023 doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-22193-1
    [89]
    Han Q, et al 2016 Single crystal formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI3): insight into the structural, optical, and electrical properties Adv. Mater. 28 2253-8 doi: 10.1002/adma.201505002
    [90]
    Stavrakas C, et al 2019 Influence of grain size on phase transitions in halide perovskite films Adv. Energy Mater. 9 1901883 doi: 10.1002/aenm.201901883
    [91]
    Keeble D J, Wiktor J, Pathak S K, Phillips L J, Dickmann M, Durose K, Snaith H J, Egger W 2021 Identification of lead vacancy defects in lead halide perovskites Nat. Commun. 12 5566 doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-25937-1
    [92]
    Min L, Tian W, Cao F, Guo J, Li L 2021 2D Ruddlesden-Popper perovskite with ordered phase distribution for high-performance self-powered photodetectors Adv. Mater. 33 2101714 doi: 10.1002/adma.202101714
    [93]
    Wang M, Sun H, Meng L, Wang M, Li L 2022 A universal strategy of intermolecular exchange to stabilize -FAPbI3 and manage crystal orientation for high-performance humid-air-processed perovskite solar cells Adv. Mater. 34 2200041 doi: 10.1002/adma.202200041
    [94]
    Alsalloum A Y, et al 2020 Low-temperature crystallization enables 21.9% efficient single-crystal MAPbI3 inverted perovskite solar cells ACS Energy Lett. 5 657-62 doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.9b02787
    [95]
    Park J, Kim J, Yun H-S, Paik M J, Noh E, Mun H J, Kim M G, Shin T J, Seok S I 2023 Controlled growth of perovskite layers with volatile alkylammonium chlorides Nature 616 724-30 doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-05825-y
    [96]
    Li B, Hou B, Amaratunga G A J 2021 Indoor photovoltaics, the next big trend in solution-processed solar cells InfoMat 3 445-59 doi: 10.1002/inf2.12180
    [97]
    Song Y, Bi W, Wang A, Liu X, Kang Y, Dong Q 2020 Efficient lateral-structure perovskite single crystal solar cells with high operational stability Nat. Commun. 11 274 doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-13998-2
    [98]
    Rao H-S, Chen B-X, Wang X-D, Kuang D-B, Su C-Y 2017 A micron-scale laminar MAPbBr3 single crystal for an efficient and stable perovskite solar cell Chem. Commun. 53 5163-6 doi: 10.1039/C7CC02447A
    [99]
    Wu J, Ye F, Yang W, Xu Z, Luo D, Su R, Zhang Y, Zhu R, Gong Q 2018 Perovskite single-crystal microarrays for efficient photovoltaic devices Chem. Mater. 30 4590-6 doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b00945
    [100]
    Chen Z, Turedi B, Alsalloum A Y, Yang C, Zheng X, Gereige I, AlSaggaf A, Mohammed O F, Bakr O M 2019 Single-crystal MAPbI3 perovskite solar cells exceeding 21% power conversion efficiency ACS Energy Lett. 4 1258-9 doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.9b00847
    [101]
    Li N, Feng A, Guo X, Wu J, Xie S, Lin Q, Jiang X, Liu Y, Chen Z, Tao X 2022 Engineering the hole extraction interface enables single-crystal MAPbI3 perovskite solar cells with efficiency exceeding 22% and superior indoor response Adv. Energy Mater. 12 2103241 doi: 10.1002/aenm.202103241
    [102]
    Sung H-H, Kuo C-C, Chiang H-S, Yue H-L, Chen F-C 2019 Differential space-limited crystallization of mixed-cation lead iodide single-crystal micro-plates enhances the performance of perovskite solar cells Sol. RRL 3 1900130 doi: 10.1002/solr.201900130
    [103]
    Kong W, et al 2020 Ultrathin perovskite monocrystals boost the solar cell performance Adv. Energy Mater. 10 2000453 doi: 10.1002/aenm.202000453
    [104]
    Zhao J, et al 2017 Single crystalline CH3NH3PbI3 self-grown on FTO/TIO2 substrate for high efficiency perovskite solar cells Sci. Bull. 62 1173-6 doi: 10.1016/j.scib.2017.08.022
    [105]
    Liu Y, et al 2017 120 mm single-crystalline perovskite and wafers: towards viable applications Sci. China: Chem. 60 1367-76 doi: 10.1007/s11426-017-9081-3
    [106]
    Yue H-L, Sung H-H, Chen F-C 2018 Seeded space-limited crystallization of CH3NH3PbI3 single-crystal plates for perovskite solar cells Adv. Electron. Mater. 4 1700655 doi: 10.1002/aelm.201700655
    [107]
    Li Y, et al 2018 Confined-solution process for high-quality CH3NH3PbBr3 single crystals with controllable morphologies Nano Res. 11 3306-12 doi: 10.1007/s12274-017-1875-x
    [108]
    Yang C, Yin J, Li H, Almasabi K, Gutirrez-Arzaluz L, Gereige I, Brdas J-L, Bakr O M, Mohammed O F 2022 Engineering surface orientations for efficient and stable hybrid perovskite single-crystal solar cells ACS Energy Lett. 7 1544-52 doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.2c00431
    [109]
    Dong Q, Song J, Fang Y, Shao Y, Ducharme S, Huang J 2016 Lateral-structure single-crystal hybrid perovskite solar cells via piezoelectric poling Adv. Mater. 28 2816-21 doi: 10.1002/adma.201505244
    [110]
    Lee L, Baek J, Park K S, Lee Y-E, Shrestha N K, Sung M M 2017 Wafer-scale single-crystal perovskite patterned thin films based on geometrically-confined lateral crystal growth Nat. Commun. 8 15882 doi: 10.1038/ncomms15882
    [111]
    Park J, Bak Y E, Lee L, Choi H, Khan M A, Sung M M 2020 Interdigitated hierarchical integration of an efficient lateral perovskite single-crystal solar cell ChemSusChem 13 1882-9 doi: 10.1002/cssc.201903038
    [112]
    Bao C, Chen Z, Fang Y, Wei H, Deng Y, Xiao X, Li L, Huang J 2017 Low-noise and large-linear-dynamic-range photodetectors based on hybrid-perovskite thin-single-crystals Adv. Mater. 29 1703209 doi: 10.1002/adma.201703209
    [113]
    Du Z, Hu Y, Ali Buttar N, Mahmood A 2019 X-ray computed tomography for quality inspection of agricultural products: a review Food Sci. Nutrition 7 3146-60 doi: 10.1002/fsn3.1179
    [114]
    Eisen Y, Shor A, Mardor I 1999 CdTe and cdZnTe gamma ray detectors for medical and industrial imaging systems Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 428 158-70 doi: 10.1016/S0168-9002(99)00003-0
    [115]
    Kalaga D V, Kulkarni A V, Acharya R, Kumar U, Singh G, Joshi J B 2009 Some industrial applications of gamma-ray tomography J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 40 602-12 doi: 10.1016/j.jtice.2009.05.012
    [116]
    Li Z, Zhou F, Yao H, Ci Z, Yang Z, Jin Z 2021 Halide perovskites for high-performance x-ray detector Mater. Today 48 155-75 doi: 10.1016/j.mattod.2021.01.028
    [117]
    Xie A, et al 2020 Library of two-dimensional hybrid lead halide perovskite scintillator crystals Chem. Mater. 32 8530-9 doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c02789
    [118]
    Cui Z, Wang T, Guo L, Zhao F, Qiu J, Xu X, Yu X 2022 Indirect and time-lapse x-ray detection with Ba2LuNbO6:Bi3+ double perovskite phosphors J. Mater. Chem. C 10 6481-7 doi: 10.1039/D2TC00585A
    [119]
    Pan W, Yang B, Niu G, Xue K-H, Du X, Yin L, Zhang M, Wu H, Miao X-S, Tang J 2019 Hot-pressed CsPbBr3 quasi-monocrystalline film for sensitive direct x-ray detection Adv. Mater. 31 1904405 doi: 10.1002/adma.201904405
    [120]
    Wei W, et al 2017 Monolithic integration of hybrid perovskite single crystals with heterogenous substrate for highly sensitive x-ray imaging Nat. Photon. 11 315-21 doi: 10.1038/nphoton.2017.43
    [121]
    Yao M, Jiang J, Xin D, Ma Y, Wei W, Zheng X, Shen L 2021 High-temperature stable FAPbBr3 single crystals for sensitive x-ray and visible light detection toward space Nano Lett. 21 3947-55 doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00700
    [122]
    Ye F, Lin H, Wu H, Zhu L, Huang Z, Ouyang D, Niu G, Choy W C H 2019 High-quality cuboid CH3NH3PbI3 single crystals for high performance x-ray and photon detectors Adv. Funct. Mater. 29 1806984 doi: 10.1002/adfm.201806984
    [123]
    Huang Y, Qiao L, Jiang Y, He T, Long R, Yang F, Wang L, Lei X, Yuan M, Chen J 2019 A-site cation engineering for highly efficient MAPbI3 single-crystal x-ray detector Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 58 17834-42 doi: 10.1002/anie.201911281
    [124]
    Wang W, et al 2020 Electronic-grade high-quality perovskite single crystals by a steady self-supply solution growth for high-performance x-ray detectors Adv. Mater. 32 2001540 doi: 10.1002/adma.202001540
    [125]
    Liu Y, Zheng X, Fang Y, Zhou Y, Ni Z, Xiao X, Chen S, Huang J 2021 Ligand assisted growth of perovskite single crystals with low defect density Nat. Commun. 12 1686 doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-21934-6
    [126]
    Shen Y, Liu Y, Ye H, Zheng Y, Wei Q, Xia Y, Chen Y, Zhao K, Huang W, Liu S 2020 Centimeter-sized single crystal of two-dimensional halide perovskites incorporating straight-chain symmetric diammonium ion for x-ray detection Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 59 14896-902 doi: 10.1002/anie.202004160
    [127]
    Li H, Song J, Pan W, Xu D, Zhu W-A, Wei H, Yang B 2020 Sensitive and stable 2D perovskite single-crystal x-ray detectors enabled by a supramolecular anchor Adv. Mater. 32 2003790 doi: 10.1002/adma.202003790
    [128]
    Ma C, et al 2022 Centimeter-sized 2D perovskitoid single crystals for efficient x-ray photoresponsivity Chem. Mater. 34 1699-709 doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.1c03832
    [129]
    Pan W, et al 2017 Cs2AgBiBr6 single-crystal x-ray detectors with a low detection limit Nat. Photon. 11 726-32 doi: 10.1038/s41566-017-0012-4
    [130]
    Steele J A, et al 2018 Photophysical pathways in highly sensitive Cs2AgBiBr6 double-perovskite single-crystal x-ray detectors Adv. Mater. 30 1804450 doi: 10.1002/adma.201804450
    [131]
    Yuan W, Niu G, Xian Y, Wu H, Wang H, Yin H, Liu P, Li W, Fan J 2019 In situ regulating the order-disorder phase transition in Cs2AgBiBr6 single crystal toward the application in an x-ray detector Adv. Funct. Mater. 29 1900234 doi: 10.1002/adfm.201900234
    [132]
    Zhuang R, et al 2019 Highly sensitive x-ray detector made of layered perovskite-like (NH43Bi2I9 single crystal with anisotropic response Nat. Photonics 13 602-8 doi: 10.1038/s41566-019-0466-7
    [133]
    Zhang Y, Liu Y, Xu Z, Ye H, Yang Z, You J, Liu M, He Y, Kanatzidis M G, Liu S 2020 Nucleation-controlled growth of superior lead-free perovskite Cs3Bi2I9 single-crystals for high-performance x-ray detection Nat. Commun. 11 2304 doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-16034-w
    [134]
    Song Y, et al 2021 Elimination of interfacial-electrochemical-reaction-induced polarization in perovskite single crystals for ultrasensitive and stable x-ray detector arrays Adv. Mater. 33 2103078 doi: 10.1002/adma.202103078
    [135]
    Wang X, et al 2020 Solution-processed halide perovskite single crystals with intrinsic compositional gradients for x-ray detection Chem. Mater. 32 4973-83 doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b05000
    [136]
    Li H, et al 2022 Lead-free molecular one-dimensional perovskite for efficient x-ray detection J. Energy Chem. 64 209-13 doi: 10.1016/j.jechem.2021.04.040
    [137]
    Yang B, et al 2019 Heteroepitaxial passivation of Cs2AgBiBr6 wafers with suppressed ionic migration for x-ray imaging Nat. Commun. 10 1989 doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-09968-3
    [138]
    Xia M, et al 2020 Unveiling the structural descriptor of A3B2X9 perovskite derivatives toward x-ray detectors with low detection limit and high stability Adv. Funct. Mater. 30 1910648 doi: 10.1002/adfm.201910648
    [139]
    Wang C-F, et al 2021 Centimeter-sized single crystals of two-dimensional hybrid iodide double perovskite (4,4-difluoropiperidinium)4AgBiI8 for high-temperature ferroelectricity and efficient x-ray detection Adv. Funct. Mater. 31 2009457 doi: 10.1002/adfm.202009457
    [140]
    Monroy E, Omns F, Calle F 2003 Wide-bandgap semiconductor ultraviolet photodetectors Semicond. Sci. Technol. 18 R33 doi: 10.1088/0268-1242/18/4/201
    [141]
    Chen H, Liu K, Hu L, Al-Ghamdi A A, Fang X 2015 New concept ultraviolet photodetectors Mater. Today 18 493-502 doi: 10.1016/j.mattod.2015.06.001
    [142]
    Cheng Z, Liu K, Yang J, Chen X, Xie X, Li B, Zhang Z, Liu L, Shan C, Shen D 2019 High-performance planar-type ultraviolet photodetector based on high-quality CH3NH3PbCl3 perovskite single crystals ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11 34144-50 doi: 10.1021/acsami.9b09035
    [143]
    Chen Z, et al 2019 Solution-processed visible-blind ultraviolet photodetectors with nanosecond response time and high detectivity Adv. Opt. Mater. 7 1900506 doi: 10.1002/adom.201900506
    [144]
    Ji C, Dey D, Peng Y, Liu X, Li L, Luo J 2020 Ferroelectricity-driven self-powered ultraviolet photodetection with strong polarization sensitivity in a two-dimensional halide hybrid perovskite Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 59 18933-7 doi: 10.1002/anie.202005092
    [145]
    Xu W, Wei X, Zheng D, Huang W, Li P, Chen Y, Meng F, Liu J 2021 Biphasic liquid-liquid interface limit architecture of high-quality perovskite single-crystal sheets for UV photodetection J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 12 10052-9 doi: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02905
    [146]
    Zhang X, Weng W, Li L, Wu H, Yao Y, Wang Z, Liu X, Lin W, Luo J 2021 Heterogeneous integration of chiral lead-chloride perovskite crystals with SI wafer for boosted circularly polarized light detection in solar-blind ultraviolet region Small 17 2102884 doi: 10.1002/smll.202102884
    [147]
    Jung H R, Cho Y, Jo W 2022 UV and visible photodetectors of MAPbBr3 and MAPbCl3 perovskite single crystals via single photocarrier transport design Adv. Opt. Mater. 10 2102175 doi: 10.1002/adom.202102175
    [148]
    Lu L, Weng W, Ma Y, Liu Y, Han S, Liu X, Xu H, Lin W, Sun Z, Luo J 2022 Anisotropy in a 2D perovskite ferroelectric drives self-powered polarization-sensitive photoresponse for ultraviolet solar-blind polarized-light detection Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 61 e202205030 doi: 10.1002/anie.202205030
    [149]
    Lian Z, Yan Q, Lv Q, Wang Y, Liu L, Zhang L, Pan S, Li Q, Wang L, Sun J-L 2015 High-performance planar-type photodetector on (100) facet of MAPbI3 single crystal Sci. Rep. 5 16563 doi: 10.1038/srep16563
    [150]
    Liu Y, et al 2018 Multi-inch single-crystalline perovskite membrane for high-detectivity flexible photosensors Nat. Commun. 9 5302 doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-07440-2
    [151]
    Liu Y, et al 2019 Surface-tension-controlled crystallization for high-quality 2D perovskite single crystals for ultrahigh photodetection Matter 1 465-80 doi: 10.1016/j.matt.2019.04.002
    [152]
    Wang K, Wu C, Yang D, Jiang Y, Priya S 2018 Quasi-two-dimensional halide perovskite single crystal photodetector ACS Nano 12 4919-29 doi: 10.1021/acsnano.8b01999
    [153]
    Zhang Y, Liu Y, Xu Z, Yang Z, Liu S 2020 2D perovskite single crystals with suppressed ion migration for high-performance planar-type photodetectors Small 16 2003145 doi: 10.1002/smll.202003145
    [154]
    Geng X, et al 2020 Ultrafast photodetector by integrating perovskite directly on silicon wafer ACS Nano 14 2860-8 doi: 10.1021/acsnano.9b06345
    [155]
    Liang F-X, Jiang J-J, Zhao Y-Z, Zhang Z-X, Wu D, Zeng L-H, Tsang Y H, Luo L-B 2020 Fabrication of MAPbBr3 single crystal p-n photodiode and n-p-n phototriode for sensitive light detection application Adv. Funct. Mater. 30 2001033 doi: 10.1002/adfm.202001033
    [156]
    Zhang Y, Liu Y, Yang Z, Chen M, Liu S 2020 Direct growth of pyramid-textured perovskite single crystals: a new strategy for enhanced optoelectronic performance Adv. Funct. Mater. 30 2002742 doi: 10.1002/adfm.202002742
    [157]
    Zhang X, Dong X, Wang S, Liu H, Hu W, Li X 2021 A self-powered photodetector based on polarization-driven in CH3NH3PbI3 single crystal (100) plane Chem. Eng. J. 404 125957 doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2020.125957
    [158]
    Wei X, Liu H, Zhang Z, Xu W, Huang W, Luo L-B, Liu J 2021 Low-temperature architecture of a cubic-phase CsPbBr3 single crystal for ultrasensitive weak-light photodetectors Chem. Commun. 57 7798-801 doi: 10.1039/D1CC03460J
    [159]
    Peng W, et al 2017 Ultralow self-doping in two-dimensional hybrid perovskite single crystals Nano Lett. 17 4759-67 doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b01475
    [160]
    Wang T, Zheng D, Zhang J, Qiao J, Min C, Yuan X, Somekh M, Feng F 2022 High-performance and stable plasmonic-functionalized formamidinium-based quasi-2D perovskite photodetector for potential application in optical communication Adv. Funct. Mater. 32 2208694 doi: 10.1002/adfm.202208694
    [161]
    Guo L, Sun H, Wang M, Wang M, Min L, Cao F, Tian W, Li L 2022 A single-dot perovskite spectrometer Adv. Mater. 34 2200221 doi: 10.1002/adma.202200221
    [162]
    Yang R, Xu J, Shen N-H, Zhang F, Fu Q, Li J, Li H, Fan Y 2021 Subwavelength optical localization with toroidal excitations in plasmonic and MIE metamaterials InfoMat 3 577-97 doi: 10.1002/inf2.12174
    [163]
    Cao F, Liu L, Li L 2022 Short-wave infrared photodetector Mater. Today 62 327-49 doi: 10.1016/j.mattod.2022.11.003
    [164]
    Zha J, et al 2022 Infrared photodetectors based on 2D materials and nanophotonics Adv. Funct. Mater. 32 2111970 doi: 10.1002/adfm.202111970
    [165]
    Moeini A, Martnez-Sarti L, Zanoni K P S, Sessolo M, Tordera D, Bolink H J 2022 Semitransparent near-infrared Sn-Pb hybrid perovskite photodetectors J. Mater. Chem. C 10 13878-85 doi: 10.1039/D2TC01052F
    [166]
    Wang J, Uddin M A, Chen B, Ying X, Ni Z, Zhou Y, Li M, Wang M, Yu Z, Huang J 2023 Enhancing photostability of Sn-Pb perovskite solar cells by an alkylammonium pseudo-halogen additive Adv. Energy Mater. 13 2204115 doi: 10.1002/aenm.202204115
    [167]
    Lin Q, Armin A, Burn P L, Meredith P 2016 Near infrared photodetectors based on sub-gap absorption in organohalide perovskite single crystals Laser Photonics Rev. 10 1047-53 doi: 10.1002/lpor.201600215
    [168]
    Xin J, Wang Q, Li J, Wang K, Deng W, Jin J, Peng M, Fang M, Qu J, Wang H 2020 Planar visible-near infrared photodetectors based on organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite single crystal bulks J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 53 414003 doi: 10.1088/1361-6463/ab94e5
    [169]
    Yu J, Zheng J, Chen H, Tian N, Li L, Qu Y, Huang Y, Luo Y, Tan W 2022 Near-infrared photodetectors based on CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite single crystals for bioimaging applications J. Mater. Chem. C 10 274-80 doi: 10.1039/D1TC04961E
    [170]
    Liu S, Yan S, Zhu Z, Zhao Z, Elemike E E, Onwudiwe D C, Bae B S, Bin Shafie S, Lei W, Li Q 2022 Embedding PBS quantum dots in MAPbCl0.5Br2.5 perovskite single crystal for near-infrared detection J. Soc. Inf. Disp. 30 531 doi: 10.1002/jsid.1099
    [171]
    Song J, et al 2017 Ultralarge all-inorganic perovskite bulk single crystal for high-performance visible-infrared dual-modal photodetectors Adv. Opt. Mater. 5 1700157 doi: 10.1002/adom.201700157
    [172]
    Schwenzer J A, et al 2021 Thermal stability and cation composition of hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 13 15292-304 doi: 10.1021/acsami.1c01547
    [173]
    Liu A, Guan G, Chai X, Feng N, Lu M, Bai X, Zhang Y 2022 Metal halide perovskites toward electrically pumped lasers Laser Photonics Rev. 16 2200189 doi: 10.1002/lpor.202200189
    [174]
    Chen W, et al 2022 Overcoming the outcoupling limit of perovskite light-emitting diodes with artificially formed nanostructures Adv. Mater. 34 2207180 doi: 10.1002/adma.202207180
    [175]
    Chen M, Shan X, Geske T, Li J, Yu Z 2017 Manipulating ion migration for highly stable light-emitting diodes with single-crystalline organometal halide perovskite microplatelets ACS Nano 11 6312-8 doi: 10.1021/acsnano.7b02629
    [176]
    Li S, Ding H, Cai H, Zhao H, Zhao Y, Yang J, Jin Y, Pan N, Wang X 2020 Realizing CsPbBr3 light-emitting diode arrays based on PDMS template confined solution growth of single-crystalline perovskite J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 11 8275-82 doi: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02560
    [177]
    Zhang H, Yu T, Wang C, Jia R, Pirzado A A A, Wu D, Zhang X, Zhang X, Jie J 2022 High-luminance microsized CH3NH3PbBr3 single-crystal-based light-emitting diodes via a facile liquid-insulator bridging route ACS Nano 16 6394-403 doi: 10.1021/acsnano.2c00488
    [178]
    Chen W, et al 2023 Highly bright and stable single-crystal perovskite light-emitting diodes Nat. Photonics 17 401-7 doi: 10.1038/s41566-023-01167-3
    [179]
    Xu Z, et al 2023 Controlled on-chip fabrication of large-scale perovskite single crystal arrays for high-performance laser and photodetector integration Light Sci. Appl. 12 67 doi: 10.1038/s41377-023-01107-4
    [180]
    Yang Y, Yang M, Moore David T, Yan Y, Miller Elisa M, Zhu K, Beard Matthew C 2017 Top and bottom surfaces limit carrier lifetime in lead iodide perovskite films Nat. Energy 2 16207 doi: 10.1038/nenergy.2016.207
    • Relative Articles
    • Supplements(0)
    • Cited By
  • 加载中

Catalog

    Figures(17)  / Tables(8)

    Citation Export
    PDF
    XML

    Article Metrics

    Article Views(774) PDF downloads(170)
    Article Statistics
    Related articles from

    Quick Links

    Contact Us

    • Building A1, Songshan Lake International Innovation Entrepreneurship Community, Dongguan, Guangdong
    • E-mail：editorialoffice@materialsfutures.org
    • Tel：+86-769-89136721

    Relevant Links

    WeChat

    Copyright © 2021 Materials Futures Editorial Office

    Supported by: Beijing Renhe Information Technology Co., Ltd.    

    /

    DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
    Return
    Return