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Orbital modulation to restrain anti-site defects in NASICON cathode for high-performance sodium-ion batteries

  • Abstract: Sodium superionic conductor-type Na3MnTi(PO4)3 is a promising cathode for sodium-ion batteries. However, the anti-site defects due to the occupation of Na vacancies by Mn lead to voltage hysteresis and capacity loss. In this study, we present a method for efficient manipulating the eg orbital of elemental Mn in the Na3MnTi(PO4)3 to enhance the Mn–O covalent interaction. This modulation of the eg orbital facilitates the electron filling in the Mn (3deg) orbital and strengthens hybridization with the O (2p) orbital, which increases the formation energy of Mn defects and thereby effectively restrains anti-site defects in Na3MnTi(PO4)3. The optimized Na2.97Li0.03MnTi(PO4)3 cathode delivers a capacity of 115.8 mAh g−1 at 10 C (164.9 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C), while retaining an outstanding capacity retention of 89.2% over 3000 cycles, along with stable cycling characteristics under temperatures ranging from −30 °C to 40 °C. The pouch-type full cell (50 × 35 × 5 mm3) using the Na2.97Li0.03MnTi(PO4)3 cathode and hard carbon anode further demonstrates its promising application. This study elucidates the anti-site defects suppression mechanism through molecular orbital analysis, offering new perspectives for developing high-performance sodium-ion cathode materials.

     

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