Microfluidics-derived microfibers in flexible bioelectronics

doi: 10.1088/2752-5724/ad667b

Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China 999077, People’s Republic of China

摘要

Abstract: AbstractFlexible electronics have attracted extensive attention across a wide range of fields due to their potential for preventive medicine and early disease detection. Microfiber-based textiles, encountered in everyday life, have emerged as promising platforms with integrated sensing capabilities. Microfluidic technology has been recognized as a promising avenue for the development of flexible conductive microfibers and has made significant achievements. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art advancements in microfiber-based flexible electronics fabricated using microfluidic platforms. Firstly, the fundamental strategies of the microfluidic fabrication of conductive microfibers with different structures and morphologies are introduced. Subsequently, attention is then directed towards the diverse applications of these microfibers in bioelectronics. Finally, we offer a forward-looking perspective on the future challenges about microfluidic-derived microfibers in flexible bioelectronics.
- microfluidics /
- conductive microfibers /
- sensing /
- flexible bioelectronics
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Figure 1. Overview of the microfluidic-derived functional microfibers and their applications in flexible bioelectronics.

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Figure 2. Schematics of the typical preparation process for (a) single, (b) core-shell, (c) helical, and (d) hemline-shaped microfibers using microfluidics.

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Figure 3. (a) Schematics of the wet-spinning apparatus by directly injecting the homogeneously dispersed phase into a coagulation bath reproduced from [70]. CC BY 4.0; (b) schematic illustration of the microfluidic fabrication process with in situ polymerization. [101] John Wiley & Sons. © 2018 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim; (c) schematic of the microfluidic fabrication of microfibers with gridded structures. Reprinted with permission from [98]. Copyright (2021) American Chemical Society; (d) microfluidic integration with 3D printing for constructing 3D scaffold structures. Reproduced from [112], with permission from Springer Nature.

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Figure 4. (a) Core-shell microfibers fabricated using microfluidic spinning combined with a coating technique. Reproduced with permission from [103]. CC BY-NC-ND 4.0; (b) hollow-channel microfibers created using coaxial spinning involving a sacrificial inner layer. Reproduced from [123]. CC BY 4.0; (c) conductive microfibers with enhanced mechanical properties fabricated using coaxial spinning combined with a stretching-drying-buckling process. [105] John Wiley & Sons. © 2019 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim; (d) core-shell microfibers with a PEDOT:PSS core produced entirely through microfluidic spinning. [106] John Wiley & Sons. © 2019 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim; (e) ultra-elastic microfibers integrated with liquid metal, manufactured using microfluidic coaxial microfluidic spinning. Reprinted from [107], © 2020 Science China Press. Published by Elsevier B.V. and Science China Press. All rights reserved.

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Figure 5. (a) Single-step fabrication of multicomponent carbon nanotubes microfiber by multi-channel co-flow microfluidics. Reprinted from [109], © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved; (b), (c) helical microfibers. [110] John Wiley & Sons. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim and MXene encapsulated core-shell helical microfibers from microfluidics by using the rope-coil effect. Reproduced from [111]. CC BY 4.0; (d), (e)spindle-knot. Reprinted from [97], © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved and hemline-shaped microfibers from piezoelectric microfluidics. Reproduced from [95], with permission from Springer Nature.

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Figure 6. (a) Flexible graphene fiber supercapacitor integration [149]. John Wiley & Sons. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim; (b) carbon nanotube microfiber for energy storage. Reprinted from [109], © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved; (c) wearable self-powered device with flexible supercapacitor. Reproduced from [150], with permission from Springer Nature.

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Figure 7. Utilization of sheath-core microfibers/fabrics for self-powered sensor deployment.

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Figure 8. (a) Fiber-based wrist bending detection and facial muscle monitoring. Reprinted from [163], © 2024 Published by Elsevier B.V; (b) spiral fibers embedded within flexible films for joint monitoring. Reproduced from [164]. CC BY 4.0; (c) addition of graphene oxide on the outer layer for simultaneous temperature and motion monitoring. Reproduced with permission from [103]. CC BY-NC-ND 4.0; (d) utilization of 3D-printed grid-like structure for joint sensing. Reprinted with permission from [98]. Copyright (2021) American Chemical Society.

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Figure 9. (a) A smart drug-release suture incorporates a core made of conductive fiber strain sensors and a thermoresponsive polymer shell containing medications. Reproduced from [170] with permission from the Royal Society of Chemistry; (b) schematic of the diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring suture applicable to various tissues, capable of transmitting signals from infarcted heart tissue and delivering drugs on demand. Reproduced from [123]. CC BY 4.0.

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Table 1. Summary of different fiber types from microfluidics and their applications.

Fiber type	Materials	Configuration	Applications	References
Single fiber	Na-Alg/AAM/MXene	Gridded microfibers	Joint monitoring	[98]
Single fiber	Fibroin	Woven fabric	Sensing hazardous situations, human-machine interfaces	[70]
Single fiber	CNT/ MXene/PU/ AuCNS	Microfiber	Multifunctional sensing and energy harvesting	[99]
Single fiber	GO/NIPAM/Alginate	Microfiber	Electro-responsive sensor	[100]
Single fiber	PANI/MCNTs-rGO/TPU	Microfiber bundles	Supercapacitor	[101]
Single fiber	CNBs/TPU	Woven fabric	Chemical sensors	[71]
Core-shell fiber	Inner: MXene Outer: Na-Alg/PVA	Gridded microfibers	Motion monitoring and gesture recognition	[102]
Core-shell fiber	Inner: Na-Alg Outer: GO	Stretchable film	Gesture recognition	[103]
Core-shell fiber	Inner: PEDOT/PSS Outer: PU/Graphine	Woven fabric	Temperature Monitoring	[104]
Core-shell fiber	Inner: PEDOT/PSS/PBP Outer: TPE	Microfiber	Stretchable conductors	[105]
Core-shell fiber	Inner: PEDOT/PSS Outer: Alg	Stretchable film	Bending detection	[106]
Core-shell fiber	Inner: liquid metal Outer: PU	Woven fabric	Wearable electronics	[107]
Core-shell fiber	Inner: liquid metal Outer: PVDF-HFP-TFE/PEGDA	Woven fabric	Self-powered sensing	[108]
Hierarchical microfibers	Inner: CNTS Outer: PU	Woven fabric	Supercapacitor	[109]
Helical fiber	Alginate	Microfiber	Mechanical sensors	[110]
Core-shell helical fiber	Inner: Mxene Outer: Alg	Flexible film	Motion monitoring	[111]
Spindle-knot microfiber	GO/NIPAM	Microfiber	Water manipulation	[97]
Hemline-shaped microfiber	PEGDA	Microfiber	Water transportation	[95]

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