On the role of surface carbonate species in determining the cycling performance of all-solid-state batteries

This short perspective summarizes recent findings on the role of residual lithium present on the surface of layered Ni-rich oxide cathode materials in liquid- and solid-electrolyte based batteries, with emphasis placed on the carbonate species. Challenges and future research opportunities in the development of carbonate-containing protective nanocoatings for inorganic solid-state battery applications are also discussed.